|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 3
| Issue : 1 | Page : 36-40 |
|
Correlation between psychological factors and the expression of galanin and 5.hydroxytryptamine in different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Yuan Yuan1, Hui-Wen Xu2, Song Zhang3, En Takashi4, Kitayama Akio5, Jing-Yan Liang6
1 School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Division of Satoyama Nursing and Telecare, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Japan
2 School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Japan
3 School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
4 Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Japan
5 Division of Satoyama Nursing and Telecare, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Japan
6 Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| Date of Submission | 20-Oct-2020 |
| Date of Decision | 25-Nov-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 15-Dec-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 11-Feb-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Prof. Jing-Yan Liang
Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, No. 136 Jiangyang Middle Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu Province
China
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/jin.jin_57_20
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in galanin (GAL) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its correlation with anxiety and depression in patients.
Methods: Using the reflux disease questionnaire, 238 patients with GERD were selected as the study group. According to the endoscopic performance, they were divided into the nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) group (114 patients) and the RE group (124 patients). Sixty healthy people were selected as the control group. All research subjects were tested using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the self-rating depression scale (SDS) to assess the severity of anxiety and depression. The levels of 5-HT and GAL were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Compared with the control group, 5-HT level in GERD patients without anxiety and depression was higher (t = 1.97, P < 0.05) and GAL level was lower (t = 1.97, P < 0.05). NERD patients demonstrated more server anxiety (F = 55.92, P < 0.05) and depression problems (F = 36.51, P < 0.05) compared to reflux esophagitis (RE) patients. The 5-HT level was lower (F = 54.53, P < 0.05) and the GAL level was higher (F = 8.00, P < 0.05) in NERD patients compared with the control group. Furthermore, 5-HT level was negatively correlated with SAS (r = −0.789, P < 0.05) and SDS (r = −0.787, P < 0.05) scores; GAL level was positively correlated with SAS (r = 0.688, P < 0.05) and SDS (r = 0.705, P < 0.05) scores; 5-HT and GAL level were negatively correlated (r= −0.744, P < 0.05).
Conclusions: 5-HT level is higher and GAL level was lower in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than healthy people; the symptoms of anxiety and depression of NERD patients are more severe compared to those of RE patients; the severity of anxiety and depression was negatively correlated with the level of 5-HT and positively with GAL level.
Keywords: 5-hydroxytryptamine, galanin, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, psychological factors
How to cite this article:
Yuan Y, Xu HW, Zhang S, Takashi E, Akio K, Liang JY. Correlation between psychological factors and the expression of galanin and 5.hydroxytryptamine in different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Integr Nurs 2021;3:36-40 |
How to cite this URL:
Yuan Y, Xu HW, Zhang S, Takashi E, Akio K, Liang JY. Correlation between psychological factors and the expression of galanin and 5.hydroxytryptamine in different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Integr Nurs [serial online] 2021 [cited 2023 May 27];3:36-40. Available from: https://www.journalin.org/text.asp?2021/3/1/36/309116 |
| Introduction | |  |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide with prevalence estimates ranging from 2.5% to 33.1% and the incidence of it is increasing in both Western and Asian countries.[1],[2],[3] GERD can typically be divided into three subtypes: nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), reflux esophagitis (RE), and Barrett's esophagus.[4],[5] Symptoms of the disease vary, and patients may face problems of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. In addition, it may affect the patient's quality of life, particularly for NERD patients.[6],[7] The etiology of GERD is multifactorial and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of GERD have not been comprehensively determined. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the current mainstay therapy for GERD. However, the efficacy of PPIs is not very effective, particularly in NERD patients.[8],[9]
Some studies have found that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonists can improve the symptoms of GERD by increasing the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), enhancing esophageal peristalsis, accelerating the clearance of esophageal acid, and facilitating emptying of the stomach.[10],[11] These findings suggest that 5-HT has a specific relationship with the occurrence and development of GERD. At present, the effects of 5-HT on GERD and galanin (GAL) on the digestive tract have been reported,[12],[13] but the relationship between GAL and GERD has not yet been reported. The correlation between the levels of 5-HT and GAL and the psychological factors in GERD has also not been reported. This study explored the correlation between the levels of 5-HT and GAL and the psychological factors in GERD to use 5-HT and GAL in the development of new effective drugs in the treatment of GERD.[14]
| Methods | | |
Participant recruitment
The study was a cross-sectional survey. We selected 238 patients with GERD as the study group in Subei People's Hospital from August 2014 to August 2017 using a reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ). According to the endoscopic performance, the study group was divided into the NERD group and the RE group. Sixty patients recruited from the outpatient health clinic were selected as the control group. This study was approved by the ethical committee of Subei People's Hospital (Jiangsu, China).
Inclusion criteria were (1) patients were diagnosed as GERD according to expert consensus,[15] with typical symptoms of heartburn, acid and food regurgitation; (2) the total RDQ scores s12; (4) people aged 18; and (5) they were willing to join in the study and sign written informed consent form.
Patients were excluded for the following reasons: previous treatment with a proton pump inhibitor; use of prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin; a history of upper gastrointestinal surgery; the incidence of a peptic stricture or duodenal and/or gastric ulcer visible on upper endoscopy; comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, autonomic or peripheral neuropathy, functional bowel disorder, or any underlying disease that might increase the acid clearance time or affect the LES pressure; unwillingness or inability to complete the study; and unwillingness or inability to provide informed consent.
Measurement
Sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed by the researchers themselves and included sociodemographic characteristics (including gender, age, body mass index [BMI], etc.,) and RDQ (including the symptom levels and frequencies of heartburn, noncardiogenic chest pain, and acid and food regurgitation in the recent 4 weeks).
Self-rating anxiety scale
The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was designed by Zung[16] to assess the severity of anxiety. The SAS consists of 20 questions. Each question was scored on a scale of 1–4 (rarely, occasionally, often, and always). The SAS scores were used to define four categories of anxiety severity: within a normal range or no significant psychopathology (20–44 points); mild to moderate anxiety (45–59 points); severe anxiety (60–74 points); and extreme anxiety (75–80 points).
Self-rating depression scale
Similarly, the self-rating depression scale (SDS) was designed by Zung[17] to evaluate the level of depression. The SDS includes 10 positive items and 10 negative items. Each question was scored on a scale of 1–4 (rarely, occasionally, often, and always). The SDS scores were used to define four categories of depression severity: within a normal range or no significant psychopathology (below 40 points); minimal to mild depression (40–47 points); moderate to marked depression (48–55 points); and severe to extreme depression (56 points and above).
Procedure
After trained and passed the examination, investigators began to conduct the investigation. Investigators explained the purposes and methods of the study to the participants before the study and then sent out questionnaires with their consent. Face to face with them, the researchers explained the meaning of each item clearly and the participants could ask the researchers questions at any moment if they could not understand the questionnaire. With the help of the investigators, participants completed the questionnaire.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Patients' plasma samples were collected and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was collected to measure the levels of 5-HT and GAL using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were measured in duplicate. ELISA kits were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Company in China. The enzymatic reader was bio-680, which was purchased from BIO-RAD in the United States.
Statistical analysis
Data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance or t-tests, and the correlation between the parameters was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis with SPSS software (version 20.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| Results | | |
Demographic characteristics
A total of 238 patients and 60 healthy controls were included in this study. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics are shown in [Table 1]. Significant differences were observed with respect to BMI and smoking among the three groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed with respect to sex, age, or drinking among the three groups (P > 0.05).
Comparison of 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin levels in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients without anxiety and depression and the control group
The 5-HT level was higher in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than the control group (207.78 ± 50.95 ng/mL vs. 173.71 ± 40.99 ng/mL, P < 0.05); the GAL level was lower in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than the control group (17.53 ± 3.75 pg/mL vs. 24.00 ± 9.87 pg/mL, P < 0.05).
Correlation between self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale scores and 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin levels
5-HT level was negatively correlated with SAS scores (r = −0.789, P < 0.05) and SDS scores (r = −0.787, P < 0.05); GAL level was positively correlated with SAS (r = 0.688, P < 0.05) and SDS (r = 0.705, P < 0.05) scores; 5-HT GAL level and GAL level were negatively correlated (r = −0.744, P <0.05).
Differences between self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale scores in the nonerosive reflux disease, RE, and control groups
The SAS and SDS scores of NERD patients and RE patients were higher compared to those of the control group (F = 55.92 and 36.51, P < 0.05), and the SAS and SDS scores of NERD patients were higher than those of the RE patients (F = 55.92 and 36.51, P < 0.05), as shown in [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Differences between self-rating anxiety scale scores and self-rating depression scale scores in the nonerosive reflux disease, RE, and control groups
Click here to view |
Differences between 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin levels in the nonerosive reflux disease, RE, and control groups
The 5-HT level was lower and the GAL level was higher in the NERD group compared to those of the control group (F = 54.53 and 8.00, P <0.05), while the 5-HT level was higher and the GAL levels were lower in the RE group compared to those of the control group (F = 54.53 and 8.00, P <0.05), as shown in [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Differences between 5-hydroxytryptamine levels and galanin levels in the nonerosive reflux disease, RE, and control groups
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin on the digestive tract
Several studies have demonstrated that GAL and 5-HT play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases.[18],[19] 5-HT is closely correlated with the dynamics and hypersensitivity of the digestive tract.[20] Some studies have proposed that the 5-HT4 receptor exists in the esophagus of humans and animals and that when the level of 5-HT is increased, esophageal motility will be impaired. Further, the residence time of gastric acid will become longer, and 5-HT can improve the sensitivity of the esophagus via nerve regulation, resulting in the occurrence of GERD. GAL can also increase the resting tension of the LES and cause contraction of the LES. GAL plays an important role in the pathology and physiology of the esophagus. In this study, compared with the healthy people, 5-HT level of GERD patients without anxiety and depression increased and GAL level decreased significantly.
Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin on anxiety and depression
It has been confirmed that GAL and 5-HT are related to the pathogenesis of many types of mental disorders.[21],[22] Clinicians use selective serotonin site inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat mental disorders such as depression. This finding indicates that 5-HT is an important neurotransmitter in the pathogenesis of mental disorders.[23],[24] At present, the study of the effect of 5-HT on psychological abnormalities has mainly focused on the deficiency of 5-HT synthesis and barriers of 5-HT transport, among other challenges.[25] GAL has a wide distribution in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and some studies have suggested that GAL and its receptor play an important role in the development of depression.[26],[27] A previous study found that the 5-HT level in NERD patients is lower than those of the control group and that the GAL level is higher than those of the control group. This finding demonstrates that there is a specific relationship between psychological factors and NERD. Some studies have also found that NERD and RE patients exhibit an abnormal psychological phenomenon, but the severity of NERD is higher compared to that of RE patients.[28] In this study, the SDS and SAS scores of NERD and RE patients were higher than those of the control group, and the SAS and SDS scores of NERD patients were higher than those of the RE patients, which revealed that the problems of anxiety and depression in NERD patients are more severe compared to those of RE patients.
Correlation between 5-hydroxytryptamine and galanin
GAL is an inhibitory modulator that regulates the release of norepinephrine and 5-HT by hyperpolarization.[29] A few investigations and reports on the relationship between GAL and classical neurotransmitters have been performed, but the research results have not been very consistent.[30],[31] The abnormality of 5-HT content or activity may be correlated with the pathogenesis of many types of psychological disorders. Some studies have also shown that the reduction of 5-HT activity can cause anxiety and depression symptoms. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have proposed that GAL and its receptors play an important role in the occurrence and development of depression.[32],[33] Some studies have found that the pathogenesis of psychological disorders, such as depression, may be correlated with the regulation of GAL on NE, 5-HT, and dopamine. This study showed that there is a negative correlation between 5-HT and GAL; when the anxiety and depression problems were more serious, the 5-HT level was lower and the GAL level was higher.
Limitations
The study is subjected to two limitations. First, although the sample size meets the sample size requirements after calculation, the larger the sample size is, the smaller the representativeness error of the statistical estimator will be. Therefore, we can continue to expand the sample size to make the results more representative. Secondly, this study is only carried out in Subei People's Hospital, which may have regional particularity. In the following study, multi-center research can be carried out to compare the research results.
| Conclusions | | |
Overall, this study found that GAL and 5-HT levels play an important role in the occurrence and development of GERD. If GERD patients do not have anxiety and depression problems, then 5-HT levels are increased and GAL levels are decreased. Psychological factors have a large effect on the occurrence and development of NERD; when anxiety and depressive symptoms are more severe, 5-HT levels decrease and GAL levels increase. At present, for the treatment of GERD, PPIs are the first-line medication. However, this treatment may not be suitable for all GERD patients. It can be combined with the use of anti-anxiety and antidepression drugs in the treatment of GERD drugs. The effect of SSRIs on mental and psychological disorders has been proven in the clinic. The study of GAL and its receptors may direct the development of anti-anxiety and antidepression drugs in the future. It also plays a crucial role in the treatment of GERD.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patients have given their consent for clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81570392), National Key R and D Program of China (2016YFE0126000), Open Project of Key Laboratory of Zoonosis in Jiangsu Province (HX20014), and Key R and D Projects of Yangzhou (YZ2020097).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Roark R, Sydor M, Chatila AT, et al. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Mon 2020;66:100849.  |
| 2. | Chen J, Brady P. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Nurs 2019;42:20-8. |
| 3. | Delshad SD, Almario CV, Chey WD. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor-refractory symptoms. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1250-6100. |
| 4. | De Bortoli N, Ottonello A, Zerbib F, et al. Between GERD and NERD: the relevance of weakly acidic reflux. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016;1380:218-29. |
| 5. | Wang K, Zhang L, He ZH, et al. A population-based survey of gastroesophageal reflux disease in a region with high prevalence of esophageal cancer in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019;132:1516-23. |
| 6. | Kahrilas PJ, Jonsson A, Denison H, et al. Impact of regurgitation on health-related quality of life in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease before and after short-term potent acid suppression therapy. Gut 2014;63:720-6. |
| 7. | Hartono JL, Mahadeva S, Goh KL. Anxiety and depression in various functional gastrointestinal disorders: Do differences exist? J Dig Dis 2012;13:252-7. |
| 8. | Miyazaki H, Igarashi A, Takeuchi T, et al. Vonoprazan versus proton-pump inhibitors for healing gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;34:1316-28. |
| 9. | Richter JE, Kumar A, Lipka S, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic nissen fundoplication vs. transoral incisionless fundoplication or proton pump inhibitors in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1298-308. |
| 10. | Lei WY, Hung JS, Liu TT, et al. Influence of prucalopride on esophageal secondary peristalsis in reflux patients with ineffective motility. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:650-5. |
| 11. | Maradey-Romero C, Fass R. New and future drug development for gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;20:6-16. |
| 12. | Gesmundo I, Villanova T, Banfi D, et al. Role of melatonin, galanin, and rfamide neuropeptides QRFP26 and QRFP43 in the neuroendocrine control of pancreatic β-cell function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017;8:143. |
| 13. | He B, Shi M, Zhang L, et al. Beneficial effect of galanin on insulin sensitivity in muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. Physiol Behav 2011;103:284-9. |
| 14. | Crowe M. Evaluating the effectiveness of mental health nursing interventions. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2018;25:67-8. |
| 15. | Chinese Gastroenterology Society, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on gastroesophageal reflux disease in China in 2020. Chin J Dig 2020;40:649-63. |
| 16. | Zung WW. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971;12:371-9. |
| 17. | Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:63-70. |
| 18. | Oparin AA, Balaklytska IO, Morozova OG, et al. Mechanisms of insomnia formation with gastroesophageal reflux disease, taking into account the psychosomatic status in young people. Wiad Lek 2020;73:1365-9. |
| 19. | Zhang Z, Sheng S, Guo L, et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of galanin antagonist sustains insulin resistance in adipocytes of type 2 diabetic trained rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;361:213-8. |
| 20. | Hoffman JM, Tyler K, MacEachern SJ, et al. Activation of colonic mucosal 5-HT (4) receptors accelerates propulsive motility and inhibits visceral hypersensitivity. Gastroenterology 2012;142:844-540000. |
| 21. | Fakhfouri G, Rahimian R, Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, 5-HT receptor antagonists in neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders: The iceberg still lies beneath the surface. Pharmacol Rev 2019;71:383-412. |
| 22. | Ma Y, Miracca G, Yu X, et al. Galanin neurons unite sleep homeostasis and α2-adrenergic sedation. Curr Biol 2019;29:3315-22. |
| 23. | Albert PR, Fiori LM. Transcriptional dys-regulation in anxiety and major depression: 5-HT1A gene promoter architecture as a therapeutic opportunity. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:3738-50. |
| 24. | Madsen K, Torstensen E, Holst KK, et al. Familial risk for major depression is associated with lower striatal 5-HT 4 receptor binding. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;18:pyu034. |
| 25. | Jacobsen JP, Medvedev IO, Caron MG. The 5-HT deficiency theory of depression: Perspectives from a naturalistic 5-HT deficiency model, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2Arg439His knockin mouse. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012;367:2444-59. |
| 26. | Keszler G, Molnár Z, Rónai Z, et al. Association between anxiety and non-coding genetic variants of the galanin neuropeptide. PLoS One 2019;14:e0226228. |
| 27. | Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Narváez M, et al. The neuropeptides galanin and galanin (1-15) in depression-like behaviours. Neuropeptides 2017;64:39-45. |
| 28. | Chen CL, Hsu PI. Current advances in the diagnosis and treatment of nonerosive reflux disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013;2013:653989. |
| 29. | Rovin ML, Boss-Williams KA, Alisch RS, et al. Influence of chronic administration of antidepressant drugs on mRNA for galanin, galanin receptors, and tyrosine hydroxylase in catecholaminergic and serotonergic cell-body regions in rat brain. Neuropeptides 2012;46:81-91. |
| 30. | Werner FM, Coveñas R. Classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in major depression in a multi-neurotransmitter system: A focus on antidepressant drugs. Curr Med Chem 2013;20:4853-8. |
| 31. | Moreno E, Vaz SH, Cai NS, et al. Dopamine-galanin receptor heteromers modulate cholinergic neurotransmission in the rat ventral hippocampus. J Neurosci 2011;31:7412-23. |
| 32. | Yun S, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, et al. Spexin-based galanin receptor type 2 agonist for comorbid mood disorders and abnormal body weight. Front Neurosci 2019;13:391. |
| 33. | Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E. Are neuropeptides relevant for the mechanism of action of SSRIs? Neuropeptides 2019;75:1-7. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1]
|
Search Pubmed for